Dr. Grossman’s Blog

Fresh-cut fruits is one of the fastest growing food categories in U.S. supermarkets, but what effect does processing and storage have on the nutritional value of the fruit?

Surprisingly, an international team of scientists has found that cutting and packaging fruit had almost no affect on the main antioxidants.

Their report, published in the Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, shows that fresh-cut fruit retains vitamin C and other healthful antioxidants after days on the shelf.

The researchers obtained pineapples, mangoes, cantaloupes, watermelons, strawberries and kiwifruits from wholesale commercial sources in California.  The fruit was taken to a laboratory at the University of California in Davis. Half of each lot was processed as fresh-cut and half left whole.

Both lots were refrigerated under identical conditions for nine days and then tested for nutrient content. Tests showed only small losses of antioxidant compounds in the cut fruit compared to fruit left whole. Levels of some antioxidants in fresh-cut mango and watermelon actually increased due to exposure to light.

In general, researchers found that fresh-cut fruits visually spoil before any significant nutrient loss occurs. 

Learn more about antioxidants

Read other articles about the benefits of antioxidants for good eye health

SOURCE:  Quality Changes and Nutrient Retention in Fresh-Cut versus Whole Fruits during Storage, Gil et al, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54 (12), pp 4284–4296.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most prevalent cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. Researchers have shown that high dietary intake of beta carotene, vitamins C and E, and zinc may substantially reduce the risk of AMD.

Scientists at the Erasmus Medical Centre in the Netherlands investigated whether regular dietary intake of antioxidants is associated with a lower risk of incident AMD.

Participants in the study included 7983 inhabitants aged 55 years or older in a middle-class suburb of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. A baseline home interview and a series of examinations at the study center were conducted from 1990 until 2004. Food intake was assessed with a food questionnaire, and participants were evaluated for incident AMD (defined as soft distinct drusen with pigment alterations, indistinct or reticular drusen, geographic atrophy, or choroidal neovascularization). Incident AMD occurred in 560 participants after follow-up exams (conducted 8 years later, on average).

Study results showed that participants who consumed vitamin E and zinc were less likely to have AMD.

An above-median consumption of all 4 nutrients studied (beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc) was associated with a 35% reduced risk of AMD.

Learn more about macular degeneration (AMD)

Find excellent food sources for beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc

SOURCE: Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of age-related macular degeneration, Leeuwen et al, JAMA, 2005 Dec 28;294 (24):3101-7.

There are several natural (home) remedies available to keep eyes healthy and to deal with (and treat) minor eye problems such as redness and puffy eyes. A few examples of natural remedies are:

Making Use of Natural Creams

In natural eye care healing properties of flowers and plants are used to treat minor problems such as itchy eyes, redness of the eyes and infected (overly irritated) eyes. Different types of advanced eye care are sold by pharmacies and health food shops, mostly containing the following ingredients:

Cucumber or Cucumber Water

Containing Calcium, Vitamins A and C and Magnesium, Cucumber is known for its soothing properties and will help relax eyes and reduce redness of the eyes. Cucumber water or thin slices can also be applied to the skin around the eyes especially if this skin is looking dry.

Agrimony Leaves or Flowers

Dried leaves and flowers of this plant are added to boiled water, after which the infusion is strained and used to bathe the eyes, to reduce swelling and itchy eyes. People who spend a lot of time working behind a computer experiencing itchy or burning eyes, will also benefit from this remedy.

Marigold Flowers

A weak tea is made, cooled down and cotton wool pads are soaked in the tea, after which the pads are placed over the eyes  for ten minutes.

If one notices any changes in vision, please contact an eye doctor immediately. Other eye problems that last longer than two days should always be checked out by a doctor.

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a common ocular problem in the United States, particularly among older women.

The first large-scale study of DES among U.S. women reveals that DES leading to a clinical diagnosis or severe symptoms affects more than 3.2 million American middle-aged and older women, including many in their 40s and 50s.

Researchers with Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and Harvard Medical School surveyed 39,876 U.S. women participating in the Women’s Health Study about a history of diagnosed DES and dry eye symptoms.  DES was defined as the presence of clinically diagnosed DES or severe symptoms (both dryness and irritation constantly or often).

Results showed that the prevalence of DES increased with age, from 5.7 percent among women less than 50 years old to 9.8 percent among women 75 or older.

The age-adjusted prevalence of DES was 7.8 percent, or 3.23 million women aged 50 or older in the United States.

Other findings:

• Compared with whites, Hispanic and Asian-American women were more likely to report severe symptoms, but not clinically diagnosed DES
• There were no significant differences by income, but more educated women were less likely to have DES
• Women from the South had the highest prevalence of DES, though the magnitude of geographic differences was modest.

The authors of the study noted that further research is necessary to better understand DES and its impact on public health and quality of life.

Learn more about dry eye syndrome, including advice on treatment and nutrition.
 
Source:  Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women, Schaumberg, et al, Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Aug;136(2):318-26.

In a 48-week intervention trial, researchers tested Lutein supplementation for vision protective-function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The conclusion of the study was as follows: “Comparing the development of vision measures against the natural loss expected to occur over the course of the 48 weeks, most measures showed reduced decline, and these reductions were significant for normal illumination”.

Ophthalmology (BMC Ophthalmology 2006, 6:23)

For more information and specific research studies by eye condition on nutrition and vision, go to <a href=”http://www.naturaleyecare.com”>Natural Eye Care </a>

A new study shows that when people with retinal disease such as macular degeneration use a peripheral part of their retina to compensate for their loss of central vision, their brain appears to compensate by reorganizing its neural connections.

Macular degeneration (MD) causes a progressive loss of central visual.  To cope with this, MD patients often start to focus using a functional retinal area in the periphery of their area of vision. This use of a new area of focus may foster cortical reorganization.

Scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity in participants as they performed a series of tests designed to visually stimulate their peripheral regions.  It was determined that when the participants visually stimulated the peripheral retinal locations they increased brain activity in the same areas of the visual cortex that are normally activated when healthy patients focused on objects in their central visual field.

Study authors believe that large-scale cortical reorganization of visual processing occurs in humans in response to retinal disease.  While several other studies have suggested that the brain can reorganize itself, this is the first study to show that this reorganization in patients with retinal disease is related to patient behavior.

Researchers are currently analyzing how long this reorganization takes and whether it can be assisted with low-vision training.

Learn more about macular degeneration

Read about eye exercises for vision fitness

SOURCE: Reorganization of visual processing is related to eccentric viewing in patients with macular degeneration, Schumacher, et al, Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, Volume 26, Number 4-5, 2008, 391 – 402.

Scientists through the US Department of Energy are testing artificial retinas that they hope can restore partial sight to people who’ve lost their vision to the most common causes of blindness.

The Sylmar, Calif., company produced the devices for the U.S. Energy Department’s Artificial Retina Project. The department has been engaged in biological research since the atomic bomb tests of the 1950s raised fears of radiation poisoning.

The current version is being tested on 17 blind people in the U.S. and Europe, and more patients are being enrolled. At a retina conference in October, patients reported improvements in orientation and mobility. They were able to find a door from 20 feet away and to follow a line on the floor for 20 feet.

Meanwhile, researchers in the Energy Department’s National Laboratories are creating a third-generation artificial retina. Much smaller than its predecessors, the device will contain 200 or more electrodes on a thin, flexible film that curves to fit the shape of the retina. Human tests are scheduled to begin in 2011.

For more information, go to http://artificialretina.energy.gov/index.shtml

For more information and specific research studies by eye condition including nutrition and vision research, go to <a href=”http://www.naturaleyecare.com”>Natural Eye Care </a>

In people with the highest level of consumption of lutein and xeaxanthin (from leafy greens, eggs, red and yellow peppers), risk of Macular Degeneration (AMD) was 35% of the risk in people who ate less greens. Zinc was also protective. This in a study by J.S. Tan, et al. in Opthalmology, February 2008.

For more related research studies, see the “Research” section at http://www.naturaleyecare.com”>Natural Eye Care for Macular Degeneration</a>

Evidence continues to show that oxidative stress contributes to age-related maculopathy (ARM) and that consuming appropriate antioxidants such as zeaxanthin may protect against this condition. 

The term maculopathy is associated with diseases of the macula, an area at the center of the retina that is associated with highly sensitive, accurate vision.  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an example of maculopathy.

A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition investigated the link between lower intakes of antioxidants and ARM.   828 healthy Irish participants between the ages of 20 and 60 years were analyzed for risk factors for ARM and dietary intake of relevant nutrients.

Researchers showed that several variables related to risk for ARM are associated with a relative lack of key nutrients in the diet.  They determined that the most important and universal risk factor for ARM is a lack of dietary zeaxanthin.

Zeaxanthin is one of the two carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye.  Ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the lens, but visible or “blue” light penetrates to the retina, enabling us to see.  Along with lutein, zeaxanthin absorbs the potentially harmful effects of blue light.

How can you ensure you are consuming zeaxanthin?  Good dietary sources include green vegetables such as spinach, kale, turnip greens, collard greens, romaine lettuce, broccoli, zucchini, corn, garden peas and Brussels sprouts.

Read more about antioxidants and nutrient food sources for good eye health

Learn about natural zeaxanthin products

SOURCE:  O’Connell, et al, Diet and risk factors for age-related maculopathy, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 87, No. 3, 712-722, March 2008.

A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that eating one portion of omega-3 fatty acid-rich fish per week may reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by over 50 percent.

2,275 people over 65 years of age participated in the EUREYE Study. They were given eye exams and completed a food frequency questionnaire.

Researchers found that oily fish was consumed less than once per week by 64% of the study population, once per week by 25%, and twice per week or more by 12%.

Those eating oily fish at least once per week had a 50% reduced risk of a type of AMD called neovascular AMD (NV-AMD), while those eating oily fish at least twice per week had a 58% reduced risk.

Good choices for fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids are cold water oily fish such as salmon, herring, mackerel, anchovies and sardines.

Read other research showing the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for healthy vision

Learn more about natural omega-3 vision supplements

SOURCE: Augood, et al; Oily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration; Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 88, No. 2, 398-406, August 2008.